内 容 简 介
本书是普通高等学校本科非化学、化工类理工科重要的公共化学基础课程教材。全书共分九章，包括原子结构、分子结构、宏观物质及其聚集状态、化学热力学基础、化学反应平衡、水溶液中的离子平衡、电化学基础、化学反应速率和表面现象与胶体。本书在编写过程当中，力求使学生掌握更宽的知识面，以适应学科的相互渗透和交叉融合，达到基础性，科学性，逻辑性与应用性各方面的统一。在内容呈现上深入浅出、循序渐进。注重化学的基本原理和化学与各学科的紧密联系。
本书可作为高等院校理工类本科生的基础化学教材，也可供工程技术人员等自学者学习参考。
前 言
“大学化学”课程是电气、能动、电信、机械等非化学化工类本科生的一门必修基础课程，主要介绍化学的基本原理和基本技术。随着社会经济的不断发展和科学技术的不断进步，我国高等教育的改革和发展进入到一个新的历史阶段，教育体制、教学内容、教学方法的改革在更广泛、更深入地展开，给大学化学教学改革提出了新的更高的要求。一方面，要求学生在有限的学时内更加高效、深入地掌握相关的专业知识；另一方面，又要求学生有更宽广的知识面，以适应学科的相互渗透和交叉融合，培养创新思维及创新能力。为此，我们以现代教育思想为指导，针对工科专业本科生对化学基本知识、基本技能和基本方法的需求，编写了这本《大学化学》教材，内容包括原子结构、分子结构、宏观物质及其聚集状态、化学热力学基础、化学反应平衡、化学反应速率、水溶液中的平衡、电化学基础、表面现象与胶体等。力求让学生在较少的学时内对化学知识体系和化学的近代进展有一个较为全面的了解和认识。教材参考学时为80，其中理论48 学时，实验32 学时。本教材在编写过程中力求达到内容的基础性、科学性、逻辑性及应用性等各方面的统一，在系统介绍化学的基本原理、基本技能和基本方法的基础上，注重化学与各相关学科的紧密联系，着重讨论化学在这些学科中的应用。在内容的选择上，注重与中学化学的衔接，力求理论联系实际。在内容组织上，力求概念阐述准确严密，内容安排深入浅出、循序渐进，并注重各章内容的相互呼应，便于教师教学和学生自学。在使用本教材时，教师可根据学生的实际情况，在保证课程基本要求的前提下，对内容进行取舍，也可对相关知识的讲授顺序进行调整。教材中带“*”的内容为选学内容。
本教材由西安交通大学组织编写，其中绪论、第一章由张志成编写；第二章由张志成、李银环编写；第三章由李银环编写；第四章和第七章由张雯编写；第五章和第八章由解云川编写；第六章由白艳红编写；第九章由郭秀生编写；附录由郑阿群、高瑞霞、杜姣姣等整理。张志成对全书内容进行了审读和定稿。
本教材在编写过程中参考了国内外出版的一些教材和著作，从中得到许多启发和教益，在此一并向这些作者表示诚挚的感谢。王明德教授认真审阅了本教材并提出了宝贵意见和建议，再次向他表示衷心的感谢。限于编者水平，教材中难免存在不足和疏漏之处，恳请读者不吝批评指正，深表感谢。
编 者
2018 年1 月
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目 录
绪论 ·········································· 1
第一章 原子结构 ····································· 5
1.1 近代原子结构发展历程 ································ 6
1.2 现代原子结构模型 ·································· 12
1.3 多电子原子轨道能级与周期性 ····························· 21
思考题 ········································· 32
习题 ·········································· 32
第二章 分子结构 ····································· 34
2.1 离子键 ······································· 34
2.2 共价键与分子构型 ·································· 38
2.3 配位键与配位化合物 ································· 55
*2.4 金属键 ······································· 58
思考题 ·········································· 61
习题 ··········································· 61
第三章 宏观物质及其聚集状态 ································ 63
3.1 分子间作用力与氢键 ··································· 63
3.2 气体 ·········································· 68
3.3 液体 ·········································· 74
3.4 溶液 ·········································· 78
3.5 晶体与非晶体 ······································ 85
思考题 ··········································· 95
习题 ············································ 95
第四章 化学热力学基础 ··································· 96
4.1 热力学的基本概念 ···································· 96
4.2 热力学第一定律 ····································· 99
4.3 焓与盖斯定律 ······································ 102
4.4 热力学第二定律 ····································· 115
4.5 吉布斯函数与化学反应自发性的判据 ···························· 121
思考题 ··········································· 130
习题 ············································ 131
第五章 化学反应平衡 ···································· 133
5.1 化学平衡 ········································ 133
5.2 标准平衡常数概述 ···································· 135
5.3 非标态下反应的吉布斯函数变 ······························· 137
5.4 标准平衡常数的应用 ··································· 143
5.5 化学平衡的移动 ····································· 147
思考题 ··········································· 151
习题 ························ ··················· 151
第六章 水溶液中的离子平衡 ································· 154
6.1 强电解质溶液理论 ···································· 154
6.2 酸碱理论简介 ······································ 157
6.3 单相离子平衡——弱酸、弱碱解离平衡 ··························· 161
6.4 难溶电解质的沉淀溶解平衡 ································ 174
6.5 配位平衡 ········································ 181
6.6 氧化还原平衡 ······································ 187
思考题 ··········································· 192
习题 ············································ 192
第七章 电化学基础 ······································ 194
7.1 电化学简介 ······································· 194
7.2 原电池 ········································· 195
7.3 电极电势 ········································ 197
7.4 原电池热力学 ······································ 201
7.5 电极电势的影响因素 ··································· 204
7.6 电极电势的应用 ····································· 207
*7.7 常用电池 ······································· 211
7.8 电解与电化学技术 ···································· 214
7.9 金属的腐蚀与防护 ···································· 217
思考题 ··········································· 219
习题 ············································ 220
第八章 化学反应速率 ···································· 222
8.1 概述 ·········································· 222
8.2 浓度对化学反应速率的影响 ································ 224
8.3 温度对化学反应速率的影响 ································ 233
8.4 催化剂对化学反应速率的影响 ······························· 234
*8.5 几种特殊的化学反应 ·································· 240
思考题 ··········································· 241
习题 ············································ 242
第九章 表面现象与胶体 ··································· 245
9.1 表面张力和表面吉布斯函数 ································ 245
9.2 常见的一些界面现象 ··································· 247
*9.3 溶液表面的吸附与表面活性物质 ····························· 252
9.4 胶体 ·········································· 256
思考题 ··········································· 263
习题 ············································ 263
参考资料 ·········································· 264
附录 ············································ 265
附录Ⅰ 基本常数 ······································ 265
附录Ⅱ 一些物质的标准热力学数据(298K) ··························· 265
附录Ⅲ 弱酸、弱碱在水中的解离常数(298K) ·························· 267
附录Ⅳ 一些难溶化合物的溶度积(291～298K) ························· 269
附录Ⅴ 金属配合物的稳定常数 ································ 270
附录Ⅵ 标准电极电势表(298K，水溶液中) ··························· 272
